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                    方法值和方法表达式
            
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                    示例: Bit数组
            
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                    封装
            
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                    接口
            
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                    接口是合约
            
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                    接口类型
            
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                    实现接口的条件
            
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                    flag.Value接口
            
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                    接口值
            
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                    sort.Interface接口
            
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                    http.Handler接口
            
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                    error接口
            
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                    示例: 表达式求值
            
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                    类型断言
            
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                    基于类型断言识别错误类型
            
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                    通过类型断言查询接口
            
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                    类型分支
            
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                    示例: 基于标记的XML解码
            
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                    补充几点
            
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                    Goroutines和Channels
            
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                    Goroutines
            
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                    示例: 并发的Clock服务
            
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                    示例: 并发的Echo服务
            
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                    Channels
            
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                    并发的循环
            
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                    示例: 并发的Web爬虫
            
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                    基于select的多路复用
            
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                    示例: 并发的目录遍历
            
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                    并发的退出
            
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                    示例: 聊天服务
            
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        <li class="chapter " data-level="1.10" data-path="../ch9/ch9.html">
            
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                    基于共享变量的并发
            
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                    竞争条件
            
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        <li class="chapter " data-level="1.10.2" data-path="../ch9/ch9-02.html">
            
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                    sync.Mutex互斥锁
            
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        <li class="chapter " data-level="1.10.3" data-path="../ch9/ch9-03.html">
            
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                    sync.RWMutex读写锁
            
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                    内存同步
            
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                    sync.Once惰性初始化
            
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                    竞争条件检测
            
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                    示例: 并发的非阻塞缓存
            
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                    包和工具
            
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                    工具
            
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                    go test
            
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                    剖析
            
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                    反射
            
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                    为何需要反射?
            
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                    reflect.Type和reflect.Value
            
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                    Display递归打印
            
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                    示例: 编码S表达式
            
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                    通过reflect.Value修改值
            
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                    示例: 解码S表达式
            
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                    获取结构体字段标签
            
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                    显示一个类型的方法集
            
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                    几点忠告
            
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                    底层编程
            
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                    unsafe.Pointer
            
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                    示例: 深度相等判断
            
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                    通过cgo调用C代码
            
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                                <h2 id="127-&#x83B7;&#x53D6;&#x7ED3;&#x6784;&#x4F53;&#x5B57;&#x6BB5;&#x6807;&#x7B7E;">12.7. &#x83B7;&#x53D6;&#x7ED3;&#x6784;&#x4F53;&#x5B57;&#x6BB5;&#x6807;&#x7B7E;</h2>
<p>&#x5728;4.5&#x8282;&#x6211;&#x4EEC;&#x4F7F;&#x7528;&#x6784;&#x4F53;&#x6210;&#x5458;&#x6807;&#x7B7E;&#x7528;&#x4E8E;&#x8BBE;&#x7F6E;&#x5BF9;&#x5E94;JSON&#x5BF9;&#x5E94;&#x7684;&#x540D;&#x5B57;&#x3002;&#x5176;&#x4E2D;json&#x6210;&#x5458;&#x6807;&#x7B7E;&#x8BA9;&#x6211;&#x4EEC;&#x53EF;&#x4EE5;&#x9009;&#x62E9;&#x6210;&#x5458;&#x7684;&#x540D;&#x5B57;&#x548C;&#x6291;&#x5236;&#x96F6;&#x503C;&#x6210;&#x5458;&#x7684;&#x8F93;&#x51FA;&#x3002;&#x5728;&#x672C;&#x8282;&#xFF0C;&#x6211;&#x4EEC;&#x5C06;&#x770B;&#x5230;&#x5982;&#x4F55;&#x901A;&#x8FC7;&#x53CD;&#x5C04;&#x673A;&#x5236;&#x7C7B;&#x83B7;&#x53D6;&#x6210;&#x5458;&#x6807;&#x7B7E;&#x3002;</p>
<p>&#x5BF9;&#x4E8E;&#x4E00;&#x4E2A;web&#x670D;&#x52A1;&#xFF0C;&#x5927;&#x90E8;&#x5206;HTTP&#x5904;&#x7406;&#x51FD;&#x6570;&#x8981;&#x505A;&#x7684;&#x7B2C;&#x4E00;&#x4EF6;&#x4E8B;&#x60C5;&#x5C31;&#x662F;&#x5C55;&#x5F00;&#x8BF7;&#x6C42;&#x4E2D;&#x7684;&#x53C2;&#x6570;&#x5230;&#x672C;&#x5730;&#x53D8;&#x91CF;&#x4E2D;&#x3002;&#x6211;&#x4EEC;&#x5B9A;&#x4E49;&#x4E86;&#x4E00;&#x4E2A;&#x5DE5;&#x5177;&#x51FD;&#x6570;&#xFF0C;&#x53EB;params.Unpack&#xFF0C;&#x901A;&#x8FC7;&#x4F7F;&#x7528;&#x7ED3;&#x6784;&#x4F53;&#x6210;&#x5458;&#x6807;&#x7B7E;&#x673A;&#x5236;&#x6765;&#x8BA9;HTTP&#x5904;&#x7406;&#x51FD;&#x6570;&#x89E3;&#x6790;&#x8BF7;&#x6C42;&#x53C2;&#x6570;&#x66F4;&#x65B9;&#x4FBF;&#x3002;</p>
<p>&#x9996;&#x5148;&#xFF0C;&#x6211;&#x4EEC;&#x770B;&#x770B;&#x5982;&#x4F55;&#x4F7F;&#x7528;&#x5B83;&#x3002;&#x4E0B;&#x9762;&#x7684;search&#x51FD;&#x6570;&#x662F;&#x4E00;&#x4E2A;HTTP&#x8BF7;&#x6C42;&#x5904;&#x7406;&#x51FD;&#x6570;&#x3002;&#x5B83;&#x5B9A;&#x4E49;&#x4E86;&#x4E00;&#x4E2A;&#x533F;&#x540D;&#x7ED3;&#x6784;&#x4F53;&#x7C7B;&#x578B;&#x7684;&#x53D8;&#x91CF;&#xFF0C;&#x7528;&#x7ED3;&#x6784;&#x4F53;&#x7684;&#x6BCF;&#x4E2A;&#x6210;&#x5458;&#x8868;&#x793A;HTTP&#x8BF7;&#x6C42;&#x7684;&#x53C2;&#x6570;&#x3002;&#x5176;&#x4E2D;&#x7ED3;&#x6784;&#x4F53;&#x6210;&#x5458;&#x6807;&#x7B7E;&#x6307;&#x660E;&#x4E86;&#x5BF9;&#x4E8E;&#x8BF7;&#x6C42;&#x53C2;&#x6570;&#x7684;&#x540D;&#x5B57;&#xFF0C;&#x4E3A;&#x4E86;&#x51CF;&#x5C11;URL&#x7684;&#x957F;&#x5EA6;&#x8FD9;&#x4E9B;&#x53C2;&#x6570;&#x540D;&#x901A;&#x5E38;&#x90FD;&#x662F;&#x795E;&#x79D8;&#x7684;&#x7F29;&#x7565;&#x8BCD;&#x3002;Unpack&#x5C06;&#x8BF7;&#x6C42;&#x53C2;&#x6570;&#x586B;&#x5145;&#x5230;&#x5408;&#x9002;&#x7684;&#x7ED3;&#x6784;&#x4F53;&#x6210;&#x5458;&#x4E2D;&#xFF0C;&#x8FD9;&#x6837;&#x6211;&#x4EEC;&#x53EF;&#x4EE5;&#x65B9;&#x4FBF;&#x5730;&#x901A;&#x8FC7;&#x5408;&#x9002;&#x7684;&#x7C7B;&#x578B;&#x7C7B;&#x6765;&#x8BBF;&#x95EE;&#x8FD9;&#x4E9B;&#x53C2;&#x6570;&#x3002;</p>
<p><u><i>gopl.io/ch12/search</i></u></p>
<pre><code class="lang-Go"><span class="hljs-keyword">import</span> <span class="hljs-string">&quot;gopl.io/ch12/params&quot;</span>

<span class="hljs-comment">// search implements the /search URL endpoint.</span>
<span class="hljs-keyword">func</span> search(resp http.ResponseWriter, req *http.Request) {
    <span class="hljs-keyword">var</span> data <span class="hljs-keyword">struct</span> {
        Labels     []<span class="hljs-keyword">string</span> <span class="hljs-string">`http:&quot;l&quot;`</span>
        MaxResults <span class="hljs-keyword">int</span>      <span class="hljs-string">`http:&quot;max&quot;`</span>
        Exact      <span class="hljs-keyword">bool</span>     <span class="hljs-string">`http:&quot;x&quot;`</span>
    }
    data.MaxResults = <span class="hljs-number">10</span> <span class="hljs-comment">// set default</span>
    <span class="hljs-keyword">if</span> err := params.Unpack(req, &amp;data); err != <span class="hljs-literal">nil</span> {
        http.Error(resp, err.Error(), http.StatusBadRequest) <span class="hljs-comment">// 400</span>
        <span class="hljs-keyword">return</span>
    }

    <span class="hljs-comment">// ...rest of handler...</span>
    fmt.Fprintf(resp, <span class="hljs-string">&quot;Search: %+v\n&quot;</span>, data)
}
</code></pre>
<p>&#x4E0B;&#x9762;&#x7684;Unpack&#x51FD;&#x6570;&#x4E3B;&#x8981;&#x5B8C;&#x6210;&#x4E09;&#x4EF6;&#x4E8B;&#x60C5;&#x3002;&#x7B2C;&#x4E00;&#xFF0C;&#x5B83;&#x8C03;&#x7528;req.ParseForm()&#x6765;&#x89E3;&#x6790;HTTP&#x8BF7;&#x6C42;&#x3002;&#x7136;&#x540E;&#xFF0C;req.Form&#x5C06;&#x5305;&#x542B;&#x6240;&#x6709;&#x7684;&#x8BF7;&#x6C42;&#x53C2;&#x6570;&#xFF0C;&#x4E0D;&#x7BA1;HTTP&#x5BA2;&#x6237;&#x7AEF;&#x4F7F;&#x7528;&#x7684;&#x662F;GET&#x8FD8;&#x662F;POST&#x8BF7;&#x6C42;&#x65B9;&#x6CD5;&#x3002;</p>
<p>&#x4E0B;&#x4E00;&#x6B65;&#xFF0C;Unpack&#x51FD;&#x6570;&#x5C06;&#x6784;&#x5EFA;&#x6BCF;&#x4E2A;&#x7ED3;&#x6784;&#x4F53;&#x6210;&#x5458;&#x6709;&#x6548;&#x53C2;&#x6570;&#x540D;&#x5B57;&#x5230;&#x6210;&#x5458;&#x53D8;&#x91CF;&#x7684;&#x6620;&#x5C04;&#x3002;&#x5982;&#x679C;&#x7ED3;&#x6784;&#x4F53;&#x6210;&#x5458;&#x6709;&#x6210;&#x5458;&#x6807;&#x7B7E;&#x7684;&#x8BDD;&#xFF0C;&#x6709;&#x6548;&#x53C2;&#x6570;&#x540D;&#x5B57;&#x53EF;&#x80FD;&#x548C;&#x5B9E;&#x9645;&#x7684;&#x6210;&#x5458;&#x540D;&#x5B57;&#x4E0D;&#x76F8;&#x540C;&#x3002;reflect.Type&#x7684;Field&#x65B9;&#x6CD5;&#x5C06;&#x8FD4;&#x56DE;&#x4E00;&#x4E2A;reflect.StructField&#xFF0C;&#x91CC;&#x9762;&#x542B;&#x6709;&#x6BCF;&#x4E2A;&#x6210;&#x5458;&#x7684;&#x540D;&#x5B57;&#x3001;&#x7C7B;&#x578B;&#x548C;&#x53EF;&#x9009;&#x7684;&#x6210;&#x5458;&#x6807;&#x7B7E;&#x7B49;&#x4FE1;&#x606F;&#x3002;&#x5176;&#x4E2D;&#x6210;&#x5458;&#x6807;&#x7B7E;&#x4FE1;&#x606F;&#x5BF9;&#x5E94;reflect.StructTag&#x7C7B;&#x578B;&#x7684;&#x5B57;&#x7B26;&#x4E32;&#xFF0C;&#x5E76;&#x4E14;&#x63D0;&#x4F9B;&#x4E86;Get&#x65B9;&#x6CD5;&#x7528;&#x4E8E;&#x89E3;&#x6790;&#x548C;&#x6839;&#x636E;&#x7279;&#x5B9A;key&#x63D0;&#x53D6;&#x7684;&#x5B50;&#x4E32;&#xFF0C;&#x4F8B;&#x5982;&#x8FD9;&#x91CC;&#x7684;http:&quot;...&quot;&#x5F62;&#x5F0F;&#x7684;&#x5B50;&#x4E32;&#x3002;</p>
<p><u><i>gopl.io/ch12/params</i></u></p>
<pre><code class="lang-Go"><span class="hljs-comment">// Unpack populates the fields of the struct pointed to by ptr</span>
<span class="hljs-comment">// from the HTTP request parameters in req.</span>
<span class="hljs-keyword">func</span> Unpack(req *http.Request, ptr <span class="hljs-keyword">interface</span>{}) error {
    <span class="hljs-keyword">if</span> err := req.ParseForm(); err != <span class="hljs-literal">nil</span> {
        <span class="hljs-keyword">return</span> err
    }

    <span class="hljs-comment">// Build map of fields keyed by effective name.</span>
    fields := <span class="hljs-built_in">make</span>(<span class="hljs-keyword">map</span>[<span class="hljs-keyword">string</span>]reflect.Value)
    v := reflect.ValueOf(ptr).Elem() <span class="hljs-comment">// the struct variable</span>
    <span class="hljs-keyword">for</span> i := <span class="hljs-number">0</span>; i &lt; v.NumField(); i++ {
        fieldInfo := v.Type().Field(i) <span class="hljs-comment">// a reflect.StructField</span>
        tag := fieldInfo.Tag           <span class="hljs-comment">// a reflect.StructTag</span>
        name := tag.Get(<span class="hljs-string">&quot;http&quot;</span>)
        <span class="hljs-keyword">if</span> name == <span class="hljs-string">&quot;&quot;</span> {
            name = strings.ToLower(fieldInfo.Name)
        }
        fields[name] = v.Field(i)
    }

    <span class="hljs-comment">// Update struct field for each parameter in the request.</span>
    <span class="hljs-keyword">for</span> name, values := <span class="hljs-keyword">range</span> req.Form {
        f := fields[name]
        <span class="hljs-keyword">if</span> !f.IsValid() {
            <span class="hljs-keyword">continue</span> <span class="hljs-comment">// ignore unrecognized HTTP parameters</span>
        }
        <span class="hljs-keyword">for</span> _, value := <span class="hljs-keyword">range</span> values {
            <span class="hljs-keyword">if</span> f.Kind() == reflect.Slice {
                elem := reflect.New(f.Type().Elem()).Elem()
                <span class="hljs-keyword">if</span> err := populate(elem, value); err != <span class="hljs-literal">nil</span> {
                    <span class="hljs-keyword">return</span> fmt.Errorf(<span class="hljs-string">&quot;%s: %v&quot;</span>, name, err)
                }
                f.Set(reflect.Append(f, elem))
            } <span class="hljs-keyword">else</span> {
                <span class="hljs-keyword">if</span> err := populate(f, value); err != <span class="hljs-literal">nil</span> {
                    <span class="hljs-keyword">return</span> fmt.Errorf(<span class="hljs-string">&quot;%s: %v&quot;</span>, name, err)
                }
            }
        }
    }
    <span class="hljs-keyword">return</span> <span class="hljs-literal">nil</span>
}
</code></pre>
<p>&#x6700;&#x540E;&#xFF0C;Unpack&#x904D;&#x5386;HTTP&#x8BF7;&#x6C42;&#x7684;name/valu&#x53C2;&#x6570;&#x952E;&#x503C;&#x5BF9;&#xFF0C;&#x5E76;&#x4E14;&#x6839;&#x636E;&#x66F4;&#x65B0;&#x76F8;&#x5E94;&#x7684;&#x7ED3;&#x6784;&#x4F53;&#x6210;&#x5458;&#x3002;&#x56DE;&#x60F3;&#x4E00;&#x4E0B;&#xFF0C;&#x540C;&#x4E00;&#x4E2A;&#x540D;&#x5B57;&#x7684;&#x53C2;&#x6570;&#x53EF;&#x80FD;&#x51FA;&#x73B0;&#x591A;&#x6B21;&#x3002;&#x5982;&#x679C;&#x53D1;&#x751F;&#x8FD9;&#x79CD;&#x60C5;&#x51B5;&#xFF0C;&#x5E76;&#x4E14;&#x5BF9;&#x5E94;&#x7684;&#x7ED3;&#x6784;&#x4F53;&#x6210;&#x5458;&#x662F;&#x4E00;&#x4E2A;slice&#xFF0C;&#x90A3;&#x4E48;&#x5C31;&#x5C06;&#x6240;&#x6709;&#x7684;&#x53C2;&#x6570;&#x6DFB;&#x52A0;&#x5230;slice&#x4E2D;&#x3002;&#x5176;&#x5B83;&#x60C5;&#x51B5;&#xFF0C;&#x5BF9;&#x5E94;&#x7684;&#x6210;&#x5458;&#x503C;&#x5C06;&#x88AB;&#x8986;&#x76D6;&#xFF0C;&#x53EA;&#x6709;&#x6700;&#x540E;&#x4E00;&#x6B21;&#x51FA;&#x73B0;&#x7684;&#x53C2;&#x6570;&#x503C;&#x624D;&#x662F;&#x8D77;&#x4F5C;&#x7528;&#x7684;&#x3002;</p>
<p>populate&#x51FD;&#x6570;&#x5C0F;&#x5FC3;&#x7528;&#x8BF7;&#x6C42;&#x7684;&#x5B57;&#x7B26;&#x4E32;&#x7C7B;&#x578B;&#x53C2;&#x6570;&#x503C;&#x6765;&#x586B;&#x5145;&#x5355;&#x4E00;&#x7684;&#x6210;&#x5458;v&#xFF08;&#x6216;&#x8005;&#x662F;slice&#x7C7B;&#x578B;&#x6210;&#x5458;&#x4E2D;&#x7684;&#x5355;&#x4E00;&#x7684;&#x5143;&#x7D20;&#xFF09;&#x3002;&#x76EE;&#x524D;&#xFF0C;&#x5B83;&#x4EC5;&#x652F;&#x6301;&#x5B57;&#x7B26;&#x4E32;&#x3001;&#x6709;&#x7B26;&#x53F7;&#x6574;&#x6570;&#x548C;&#x5E03;&#x5C14;&#x578B;&#x3002;&#x5176;&#x4E2D;&#x5176;&#x5B83;&#x7684;&#x7C7B;&#x578B;&#x5C06;&#x7559;&#x505A;&#x7EC3;&#x4E60;&#x4EFB;&#x52A1;&#x3002;</p>
<pre><code class="lang-Go"><span class="hljs-keyword">func</span> populate(v reflect.Value, value <span class="hljs-keyword">string</span>) error {
    <span class="hljs-keyword">switch</span> v.Kind() {
    <span class="hljs-keyword">case</span> reflect.String:
        v.SetString(value)

    <span class="hljs-keyword">case</span> reflect.Int:
        i, err := strconv.ParseInt(value, <span class="hljs-number">10</span>, <span class="hljs-number">64</span>)
        <span class="hljs-keyword">if</span> err != <span class="hljs-literal">nil</span> {
            <span class="hljs-keyword">return</span> err
        }
        v.SetInt(i)

    <span class="hljs-keyword">case</span> reflect.Bool:
        b, err := strconv.ParseBool(value)
        <span class="hljs-keyword">if</span> err != <span class="hljs-literal">nil</span> {
            <span class="hljs-keyword">return</span> err
        }
        v.SetBool(b)

    <span class="hljs-keyword">default</span>:
        <span class="hljs-keyword">return</span> fmt.Errorf(<span class="hljs-string">&quot;unsupported kind %s&quot;</span>, v.Type())
    }
    <span class="hljs-keyword">return</span> <span class="hljs-literal">nil</span>
}
</code></pre>
<p>&#x5982;&#x679C;&#x6211;&#x4EEC;&#x4E0A;&#x4E0A;&#x9762;&#x7684;&#x5904;&#x7406;&#x7A0B;&#x5E8F;&#x6DFB;&#x52A0;&#x5230;&#x4E00;&#x4E2A;web&#x670D;&#x52A1;&#x5668;&#xFF0C;&#x5219;&#x53EF;&#x4EE5;&#x4EA7;&#x751F;&#x4EE5;&#x4E0B;&#x7684;&#x4F1A;&#x8BDD;&#xFF1A;</p>
<pre><code>$ go build gopl.io/ch12/search
$ ./search &amp;
$ ./fetch &apos;http://localhost:12345/search&apos;
Search: {Labels:[] MaxResults:10 Exact:false}
$ ./fetch &apos;http://localhost:12345/search?l=golang&amp;l=programming&apos;
Search: {Labels:[golang programming] MaxResults:10 Exact:false}
$ ./fetch &apos;http://localhost:12345/search?l=golang&amp;l=programming&amp;max=100&apos;
Search: {Labels:[golang programming] MaxResults:100 Exact:false}
$ ./fetch &apos;http://localhost:12345/search?x=true&amp;l=golang&amp;l=programming&apos;
Search: {Labels:[golang programming] MaxResults:10 Exact:true}
$ ./fetch &apos;http://localhost:12345/search?q=hello&amp;x=123&apos;
x: strconv.ParseBool: parsing &quot;123&quot;: invalid syntax
$ ./fetch &apos;http://localhost:12345/search?q=hello&amp;max=lots&apos;
max: strconv.ParseInt: parsing &quot;lots&quot;: invalid syntax
</code></pre><p><strong>&#x7EC3;&#x4E60; 12.11&#xFF1A;</strong> &#x7F16;&#x5199;&#x76F8;&#x5E94;&#x7684;Pack&#x51FD;&#x6570;&#xFF0C;&#x7ED9;&#x5B9A;&#x4E00;&#x4E2A;&#x7ED3;&#x6784;&#x4F53;&#x503C;&#xFF0C;Pack&#x51FD;&#x6570;&#x5C06;&#x8FD4;&#x56DE;&#x5408;&#x5E76;&#x4E86;&#x6240;&#x6709;&#x7ED3;&#x6784;&#x4F53;&#x6210;&#x5458;&#x548C;&#x503C;&#x7684;URL&#x3002;</p>
<p><strong>&#x7EC3;&#x4E60; 12.12&#xFF1A;</strong> &#x6269;&#x5C55;&#x6210;&#x5458;&#x6807;&#x7B7E;&#x4EE5;&#x8868;&#x793A;&#x4E00;&#x4E2A;&#x8BF7;&#x6C42;&#x53C2;&#x6570;&#x7684;&#x6709;&#x6548;&#x503C;&#x89C4;&#x5219;&#x3002;&#x4F8B;&#x5982;&#xFF0C;&#x4E00;&#x4E2A;&#x5B57;&#x7B26;&#x4E32;&#x53EF;&#x4EE5;&#x662F;&#x6709;&#x6548;&#x7684;email&#x5730;&#x5740;&#x6216;&#x4E00;&#x4E2A;&#x4FE1;&#x7528;&#x5361;&#x53F7;&#x7801;&#xFF0C;&#x8FD8;&#x6709;&#x4E00;&#x4E2A;&#x6574;&#x6570;&#x53EF;&#x80FD;&#x9700;&#x8981;&#x662F;&#x6709;&#x6548;&#x7684;&#x90AE;&#x653F;&#x7F16;&#x7801;&#x3002;&#x4FEE;&#x6539;Unpack&#x51FD;&#x6570;&#x4EE5;&#x68C0;&#x67E5;&#x8FD9;&#x4E9B;&#x89C4;&#x5219;&#x3002;</p>
<p><strong>&#x7EC3;&#x4E60; 12.13&#xFF1A;</strong> &#x4FEE;&#x6539;S&#x8868;&#x8FBE;&#x5F0F;&#x7684;&#x7F16;&#x7801;&#x5668;&#xFF08;&#xA7;12.4&#xFF09;&#x548C;&#x89E3;&#x7801;&#x5668;&#xFF08;&#xA7;12.6&#xFF09;&#xFF0C;&#x91C7;&#x7528;&#x548C;encoding/json&#x5305;&#xFF08;&#xA7;4.5&#xFF09;&#x7C7B;&#x4F3C;&#x7684;&#x65B9;&#x5F0F;&#x4F7F;&#x7528;&#x6210;&#x5458;&#x6807;&#x7B7E;&#x4E2D;&#x7684;sexpr:&quot;...&quot;&#x5B57;&#x4E32;&#x3002;</p>

                                
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